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Research Reports |
KD Harris, PT, MPT, CSCS; DM Heer, PT, PTA, MPT, OCS; TC Roy, PT, MPT; and DM Santos, PT, MPT, OCS, were students in the US Army–Baylor Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, San Antonio, Tex, at the time of this study and completed the project in partial fulfillment of the Master in Physical Therapy degree requirements.
JM Whitman, PT, DSc, OCS, FAAOMPT, is Assistant Professor, Regis University, Denver, Colo, and US Army–Baylor University Postprofessional Doctoral Program in Orthopaedic and Manual Physical Therapy
RS Wainner, PT, PhD, OCS, ECS, FAAOMPT, is Assistant Professor, Faculty, and Project Advisor, US Army–Baylor Graduate Program in Physical Therapy
Address all correspondence to: Captain Kevin Harris, Group Physical Therapist, 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne), Troop Medical Clinic #10, 7490 Sutherland Cir, Ft Carson, CO 80913 (USA) (kevin.harris{at}cen.amedd.army.mil, kevin.d.harris{at}us.army.mil)
Submitted February 27, 2005;
Accepted June 30, 2005
 | Abstract |
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=38.95 seconds, SD=26.4) and the group with neck pain (=24.1 seconds, SD=12.8) were significantly different. Discussion and Conclusion. Reliability coefficients differed between the 2 groups and ranged from moderate to excellent and improved after the first test session. The interrater reliability of data obtained with the neck flexor muscle endurance test in people with neck pain must be improved in order for clinicians to distinguish a clinically meaningful change from measurement error. Neck flexor muscle endurance was both statistically and clinically greater for subjects without neck pain than for those with neck pain.
Key Words: Cervical impairment • Cervical pain • Chin tuck • Deep neck flexors
| Introduction |
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The DNF muscles are small stabilizing muscles located on the anterior and anterolateral surfaces of the cervical spine deep to the SCM muscle. Although the muscles comprising the DNFs are not clearly defined, the longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, and occasionally the rectus capitis lateralis muscles have been cited in the literature.8–11 The location of the DNFs suggest that they potentially play an important role in stabilizing the cervical spine. Mayoux-Benhamou10 reported that the longus colli and dorsal neck muscles form a sleeve that stabilizes the cervical spine in all positions against the effects of gravity. It is theorized2,7,10 that when muscle performance is impaired, the balance between the stabilizers on the posterior aspect of the neck and the DNFs will be disrupted, resulting in loss of proper alignment and posture, which is then likely to contribute to cervical impairment.
Assessment of DNF muscle performance properties is arguably important given the association between DNF muscle torque and endurance deficits and patient complaints of head and neck pain.2,3,5,12,13 In addition, the results of one randomized controlled trial of patients with neck and headache complaints showed that a group of patients who received endurance exercises, attempting to target the DNF musculature as part of a multi-modal intervention, experienced a significant reduction in neck pain and headache frequency as compared with a control (no intervention) group.14
However, one difficulty in assessing performance of the DNFs is isolating their contribution from that of the more superficial SCM and anterior scalene muscles. Current methods of manual muscle testing are inadequate to isolate differences between the SCM and deep neck flexor muscle groups, both of which work in concert to produce a cervical flexion moment.15 Although the SCM muscle makes the largest contribution of all the neck flexors to performing neck flexion, electromyographic (EMG) studies provide evidence that DNFs are active in this position and that they remain contracted in static and small phasic flexion contractions.3,10,11,15 Falla et al16 recently demonstrated that the DNFs are increasingly active during craniocervical flexion (chin tuck). With EMG electrodes placed on the posterior oropharyngeal wall, they were able to record increasing levels of EMG signals of the longus colli and longus capitis muscles with increasing levels of craniocervical flexion while the levels of EMG signals of the SCM and anterior scalene muscles, although somewhat active, remained relatively stable. Therefore, a test of neck flexor muscle performance that utilizes a measure of endurance and includes a chin-tuck position should maximize the contributions of the DNF muscles.8,16
Unfortunately, physical therapists are currently limited by the lack of a clinically efficient noninstrumented neck flexor muscle endurance test that yields valid and reliable data and that attempts to maximize the contributions of the DNF muscles. To our knowledge, Placzeck et al,4 Grimmer,9 and Blizzard et al17 are the only researchers who used a noninstrumented assessment technique that could be easily performed in any clinical setting. Unfortunately, Placzeck et al4 tested only women, and no reliability measurements were obtained. Blizzard et al17 conducted only intrarater reliability testing and did not separate subjects with headaches from those without headaches in their calculations of reliability. Grimmer9 tested only subjects without neck pain and only performed intrarater reliability testing. Although instrumented tests that yield valid and reliable data have been cited in the literature, they are seldom used clinically due to cost and time constraints.18 In addition, none have reported the average hold time for a test of neck flexor muscle endurance.
The primary purpose of this study was to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of measurements obtained using a simple clinical test of neck flexor muscle endurance in subjects without neck pain and the interrater reliability of measurements obtained with the test in subjects with neck pain. The secondary purpose was to determine whether neck flexor muscle endurance was less in subjects with neck pain than in those without neck pain.
| Method |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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Neck Flexor Muscle Endurance Test
The neck flexor muscle endurance test used in this study was performed in a supine, hook-lying position and was operationally defined as follows: with the chin maximally retracted and maintained isometrically, the subject lifted the head and neck until the head was approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) above the plinth while keeping the chin retracted to the chest (Fig. 1). Once in position, a line was drawn across 2 approximated skin folds along the subject's neck, and the rater placed his or her left hand on the table just below the occipital bone of the subject's head (Fig. 2). Verbal commands (ie, "Tuck your chin" or "Hold your head up") were given when either the line edges began to separate or the subject's head touched the rater's left hand. The test was terminated if the edges of the lines no longer approximated each other due to loss of chin tuck or the subject's head touched the rater's hand for more than 1 second. To our knowledge, this operational definition has not been used before.
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Following conclusion of the test, the first rater removed the previously drawn line across the approximated skin folds and instructed the subject to rest for 10 minutes. During this time, the subject was instructed to remain supine and turn his or her neck from side to side through a pain-free range of motion at least 3 times without raising the head from the table. The first rater then departed the room, and the second rater entered and repeated the same procedure. Subjects with neck pain were considered to have completed the study after the second measurement. Subjects without neck pain returned 1 week later and were retested by both examiners in the exact same manner previously described, although the examiners alternated rater position. Each test session lasted approximately 20 minutes.
Data Analysis
For subjects without neck pain, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC[2,1]) for interrater reliability of the neck flexor muscle endurance test measurements were calculated using the scores from both the first and second test sessions. In addition, ICC(3,1) values for intrarater reliability of the test measurements over a 1-week period were calculated separately for each rater using the measurements obtained in sessions 1 and 2. For subjects with neck pain, ICC(2,1) values for interrater reliability of the neck flexor muscle endurance test measurements were calculated using the scores from raters 1 and 2 for the first test session. Reliability coefficients were interpreted according to the following modification of the criteria proposed by Portney and Watkins19: poor (r<.50,) moderate (r =.50–.75), good (.75<r<.90), and excellent (r>.90). The standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated for all reliability coefficients and is a facet of the reliability of the measurement. The interpretation of SEM is dependant on the type of reliability coefficient that is used in its computation. For example, if the estimate is based on test-retest reliability (ICC[3,1]), then the SEM is indicative of the range of scores that can be expected on retesting. If rater reliability (ICC[2,1]) is used, the SEM reflects the extent of expected error in different raters' scores. To determine whether fatigue was a confounding factor, a paired-samples t test (
<.05) was used to compare each subject's first and second measurement times within the same session. Because neck flexor muscle endurance test measurements of subjects with neck pain demonstrated limited variability, which compromises the validity of the reliability coefficients, the coefficient of variance of method error (CVme) also was calculated.19 Method error is a measure of the discrepancy between 2 sets of repeated scores, or their difference score. It is converted to a percentage using the coefficient of variation to produce the CVme for comparison relative to the size of the mean differences. A one-tailed independent t test (<.05) was used to determine whether there was a difference in neck flexor muscle endurance test measurement times between subjects with and without neck pain for the first test session. We used SPSS 10.1* and Excel 2000
to perform all statistical analyses.
| Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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=38.95 seconds, SD=26.4) than in the group with neck pain (=24.1 seconds, SD=12.8) (P=.013) and is illustrated in Figure 3. There were no differences in subjects' first and second measurement times within the same session for either the group without neck pain (P=.52) or the group with neck pain (P=.43).
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| Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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There are several possible reasons for the difference in reliability between the groups. One explanation is that, for the group without neck pain, raters had increased practice associated with a second testing session, which may have improved their ability to accurately judge test termination criteria. Another reason may be that subjects with neck pain had less neck flexor muscle endurance. It has been suggested that measurements obtained from subjects with poor endurance capacity demonstrate greater variability on retest than subjects with better endurance capacity.9 Yet another possibility to consider is range restriction of the scores for the neck pain group, which can deflate ICC values.19 However, low between-subjects variability did not appear to affect reliability coefficients based on the low CVme value. If subjects had experienced fatigue due to inadequate recovery, this could have resulted in unstable (lower) retest scores, thereby violating an assumption of reliability.19 It is not likely that fatigue was a factor, because subjects' scores did not differ significantly between the first and second test applications within a single test session.
Intrarater reliability of neck flexor muscle endurance measurements ranged from good to excellent when assessed in subjects without neck pain. This finding is consistent with the findings of Grimmer,9 who performed a similar study and also reported good intrarater reliability. In our study, subjects were tested 1 week apart, whereas subjects in Grimmer's study were tested 1 month apart, indicating that neck flexor muscle test measurements are stable over a short period of time.
It is important for clinicians to understand the amount of error associated with any measurement of performance obtained from an individual patient. Although the ICC provides information about a measure's ability to differentiate among patients, the SEM expresses measurement error in the same units as the original measurement and is not influenced by variability among patients.19,20 Therefore, the SEM may be used to distinguish whether repeated measurements taken from a subject represent true change or measurement error based on the confidence interval used. For example, the SEM associated with the measurements taken in subjects with neck pain was 11.5 seconds. If another therapist repeated this measurement, the second measurement would need to differ from the first measurement by more than 27 seconds to be 90% confident that the difference was due to real patient change and not just error in the 2 measurements (minimum detectable change computed as 1.645 x 
2 x SEM).21 This is a considerable amount of measurement error and lack of precision given that the range of measurements for subjects with neck pain was 58 seconds.
The secondary purpose of this study was to compare neck flexor muscle endurance of subjects with neck pain with that of subjects without neck pain. Our findings were consistent with the results of previous studies,7,13 which showed that neck flexor muscle endurance was reduced in subjects with cervicogenic headaches. Whether this relationship is causal in nature remains unknown. Clinicians also should exercise caution when comparing test results from individual patients with our values or those reported by other researchers until normal values for people without neck pain are established.
Although acceptable test reliability was found for subjects without neck pain, such a finding is not of significant clinical utility for therapists who want to use the test in the management of patients with neck pain. Our intention for assessment of interrater reliability was due to the desire to assess this particular measurement property and the associated clinical implication for therapists when treating patients with neck pain. Future studies of this neck flexor muscle endurance test, we believe, should assess intrarater reliability for subjects with neck pain and perhaps attempt to further objectify and classify those subjects with neck pain upon admission to a study using a measurement tool, such as the Neck Disability Index,22 instead of simply recruiting subjects based on their report of having neck pain. A test with acceptable intrarater reliability would allow an individual therapist to accurately assess changes in neck flexor muscle endurance over time and is compatible with standard practice patterns in which patients usually are seen by the same therapist at subsequent visits. Additional work also needs to be done with regard to quantifying the contributions of the DNF muscles. Based on previous work,16 the test position used in this study was thought to maximize the contribution of the DNF muscles. However, we did not measure isolated DNF muscle activity, so their contribution to the endurance test scores is unknown.
We did not use instrumentation in this study because the aim of the study was to develop a simple, cost-effective test that could easily be implemented in the clinic while minimizing clinician and subject burden of a time-consuming instrumented test.
Although the use of standardized equipment, such as handheld dynamometers, may improve test reliability,18 the development of a noninstrumented test of neck flexor muscle endurance that demonstrates good to excellent reliability in people with neck pain remains a desirable goal. This study represents another step toward that goal. If successful, clinicians will have a measurement tool that may prove useful in the management of patients with neck pain, and researchers will be challenged to determine the diagnostic properties, prognostic ability, and normal values of such a test.
| Conclusions |
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| Footnotes |
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This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center (WHMC).
This research, in part, was given as a poster presentation at the Annual Conference of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists; October 3–6, 2003; Orlando, Fla.
The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, or the Department of Defense.
* SPSS Inc, 233 W Wacker Dr, Chicago, IL 60606. 
Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399.
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