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Authors' Response

This excerpt was created in the absence of an abstract.

The concept of clinical versus laboratory research needs further comment. Clinical research usually refers to the study of problems presented in the clinic, with an objective of solving these problems. It is an open system, and patients often are used as subjects. The variables expected to have the greatest effect on the factor being measured are controlled, but other variables are not. Laboratory research generally is a closed system with tight control of all variables that may affect measurements. If human subjects are used, they are required to meet rigid criteria before inclusion in the test sample.

Objections can be raised to both types of research. Clinical research may not be precise enough to satisfy some scientists, and laboratory research may not be relevant enough to satisfy some clinicians. Nevertheless, both types of research are important....

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